TECH
1: Notes
from Lecture
ENGINEERING
& ARCHITECTURE (the two ends of the scale)
Stuart
Harrison
The Engineer
The Engineer, a heroic figure in history. Brunel to Ove Arup to Cecil Balmond
Cecil
Balmond key engineer of our time,
works for ARUP.
Ove
Arup was a famous engineer did the structural engineering for the Sydney
Opera House worked out the structure with Jorn Utzon, a collaboration.
The
relationship between the engineer and architect is an interested and varying
one, but many great projects have this relationship working very well,
especially in modernism and again now.
Toyo Ito excellent architect currently pushing engineering boundaries.
Both
Ito and Herzog de Meuron have began
to merge decoration, screen and structure into one. This can be seen in their
current projects.
Engineering
embodied into the work enables the architectural expression to be fixed and
unmovable. Opposite approach to the decorated shed (refer Robert Venturi).
By
Engineering we are referring to Structural Engineering. There are other
disciplines mechanical, electrical, hydronic,
civil, etc
Architects
use engineers on almost all projects (except simple stand alone timber frame
projects that can be sized from the Timber Framing Manual)
An
Engineer develops a structural system in conjunction with the Architect, and
designs the system. This involves drawings, computations and certification.
A
Structural Engineer should be involved early in a project, to obtain advice on
the structural systems to use and design and cost efficiencies. Key dimensions
can be established then, such as maximum span and thickness of roof/ceiling
zones that will feed back into the architectural design.
Tension/Compression
These
are the two key forces Compression and Tension, pushing and pulling.
Different
materials are better in one or the other, but steel tends to be good in both.
Tension
is more efficient.
Lego/Meccano
This
two different toy systems represent two different structure approaches, one
more traditional and masonry based (Lego); whilst the others I more element and
linear based (framing); and more use of tension.
Reading Drawings
Engineering
drawings can be hand drawn, drafted and/or overlaid on architectural drawings. Engineers plans are typically diagrammatic rather than
acknowledging thickness of members. Engineering Details work out junctions of
structural members and are often scaled.
A
series of Engineering drawings in plan work from the
ground up, typically:
Footing/Stump
locations
Floor
Framing
Roof
Framing
This
information can also just be scheduled, which the builder would then follow. A
member schedule is a vital guide to what noted members are, specify sizes and
hardness. i.e. 2/290 x 45 F17 KDHW two 290mm deep
(the height of the beam), 45mm wide Kiln Dried Hardwood beams of F17 hardness.
In
the ground: transfer loads into the ground, Strip vs
Pad Footings
Bracing
speed bracing (steel strips, angles), Plywood
bracing. Stops lateral movement of frame, is working in tension.
Beams
transfer loads down to columns or walls. Different beam types:
1.
Hardwood (solid) timber beams.
2.
Laminated Timber Beam can have greater span and be curved. Can be cut on site
3. Steel
beam, UBs or PFCs. Can not be cut on site.
4. Posistruts combination timber and steel timber
chords/flanges (top and bottom rails) and open steel truss in between. Can run
services through truss space, and are lightweight.
Abbreviations
used in Engineering Drawings:
KDHW
Kiln Dried HardWood
KDRP
Kiln Dried Radiata Pine. Studs are typically made
from Pine.
MGP
Machine Grade Pine
C1,2,
Column 1,2
RB1
Roof Beam 1, etc
FJ
Floor Joist
DS
Double Stud (acts as column) (sometimes noted a P for Post)
UC
universal column I section
PFC
- Parallel
Flange Channel
UB-
Universal Beam
F17,
F7, section the hardness of the timber member
PF
Pad Footing
L
Lintel
R
Rafter